Water Cooling

Industrial Water Cooling Systems
HydroThrift industrial Water Cooling systems. Closed loop, open evaporative and chilled Water Cooling systems.
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Water Cooling System - Whaley Products
Discover Whaley Products complete line of industrial water systems. Find cooling towers, compressors, condensing units and so much more.
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Computer Water Cooling
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PC Water Cooling
Cooled Cases, Radiators, Pumps Liquid Cooling w/ Same Day Shipping.
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PC Water/Liquid Cooling
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Delta Cooling Towers - Corrosion Proof
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Cpu Water Cooling
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Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components. As opposed to air cooling, water is used as the heat transmitter. Water cooling is commonly used for cooling internal combustion engines in automobiles and electrical generators. Other uses include cooling the lubricant oil of pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; cooling products from tanks or columns, and a bit more recently, cooling of various major components inside top-end personal computers. The main mechanism for water cooling is convective heat transfer.

Advantages The advantages of using water cooling over air cooling include water's higher specific heat capacity, density and thermal conductivity. This allows water to transmit heat over greater distances with much less volumetric flow and reduced temperature difference. For cooling CPU cores, this is its primary advantage: the tremendously increased ability to transport heat away from source to a secondary cooling surface allows for large, more optimally designed radiators rather than small, inefficient fins mounted on or near a heat source such as a CPU core. The "water jacket" around an engine is also very effective at deadening mechanical noises, which makes the engine quieter.

Open method An open water cooling system makes use of evaporative cooling, lowering the temperature of the remaining (unevaporated) water. A component such as a bong cooler replaces the radiator of a closed water cooling system. The obvious downside of this method is the need to continually replace the water lost due to evaporation.

Automotive usage The use of water cooling carries the risk of damage from freezing. Automotive and many other engine cooling applications require the use of a water and antifreeze mixture to lower the freezing point to a temperature unlikely to be experienced. Antifreeze also inhibits corrosion from dissimilar metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of water cooling temperatures. Its distinctive odor also alerts operators to cooling system leaks and problems that would go unnoticed in a water-only cooling system.

Another less common chemical additive is products to reduce surface tension. These additives are meant to increase the efficiency of automotive cooling systems. Such products are used to enhance the cooling of underperforming or undersized cooling systems or in racing where the weight of a larger cooling system could be a disadvantage.

Computer usage D4 12v pump, Swiftech STORM CPU Waterblock and the typical application of a T-LineIn the past few years, water cooling has become noticed for cooling computer components, especially the CPU cooling. Water cooling usually consists of a Central processing unit water block, a pump and a heat exchanger (usually a radiator with a fan attached). Water cooling not only allows for quieter operation and improved overclocking, but with improved heat handling capabilities hotter processors can be supported. Less commonly, Graphics processing unit, Northbridge (computing)s, Hard disks, Random access memory, Voltage regulator module, and even Power supply are also water cooled.

Water coolers for computers (other than mainframe computer) were, up until the end of the 90's, homemade. They were put together using car radiators (or more commonly, a car's heater core), aquarium pumps and home made water blocks. In conjunction with these automotive items users would pair laboratory-grade PVC and Silicone tubing and various reservoirs (home made using plastic bottles, or constructed using cylindrical acrylic or sheets of acrylic, usually clear) and or a T-Line. More recently a growing number of companies are manufacturing pre-made, specialised components, allowing water cooling to be compact enough to fit inside a computer case. This, coupled with the growing amount of heat coming from the CPU has greatly increased the popularity of water cooling. However it is still a very niche market.

Dedicated overclockers will occasionally use vapor-compression refrigeration or Peltier-Seebeck effect in place of more common standard heat exchangers. Water cooling systems in which water is cooled directly by the evaporator coil of a phase change system are able to chill the circulating coolant below the ambient air temperature (an impossible feat using a standard heat exchanger) and, as a result, generally provide superior cooling of the computer's heat-generating components. The downside of phase-change or thermoelectric cooling is that it uses much more electricity and Antifreeze (coolant) must be added due to the low temperature. Additionally, insulation, usually in the form of lagging around water pipes and neoprene pads around the components to be cooled, must be used in order to prevent damage caused by condensation of water vapour from the air on the surfaces at below ambient temperature. Common places from which to borrow the required phase change systems are a household dehumidifier or air conditioner.

An alternative cooling system, which enables components to be cooled below the ambient temperature, but which obviates the requirement for antifreeze and lagged pipes, is to place a thermoelectric device (commonly referred to as a 'Peltier junction' or 'pelt' after Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, who documented the effect) between the heat-generating component and the water block. Because the only sub-ambient temperature zone now is at the interface with the heat-generating component itself, insulation is required only in that localized area. The disadvantage to such a system is that pelts typically draw a large amount of power, and the water cooling system is required to remove this power, in addition to the heat generated by the component.Another possible danger is condensation, resulting from the ambient air right around the pelt being cold. This condensation could cause a short-circuit, shutting the computer down or possibly permanent damage.

Apple's Power Mac G5 was the first mainstream desktop computer to have water cooling as standard, and Dell later followed suit by shipping their XPS computers with liquid cooling, using thermoelectric cooling to help cool the liquid.

Industrial usage Most industrial cooling towers use river water or well water as their source of fresh cooling water. The large mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft cooling towers in industrial plants such as power stations, petroleum oil refineries, petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants continuously circulate cooling water through heat exchangers and other equipment where the water absorbs heat. That heat is then rejected to the atmosphere by the partial evaporation of the water in cooling towers where upflowing air is contacted with the circulating downflow of water. The loss of evaporated water into the air exhausted to the atmosphere is replaced by "make-up" fresh river water or fresh cooling water. Since the evaporation of pure water is replaced by make-up water containing carbonates and other dissolved salts, a portion of the circulating water is also continuously discarded as "blowdown" water to prevent the excessive build-up of salts in the circulating water. (See Chapter 2 for material balance relationships in a cooling tower)On very large rivers, but more often at coastal and estuarine sites, "direct cooled" systems are often used instead. These industrial plants do not use cooling towers and the atmosphere as a heat sink but put the waste heat to the river or coastal water instead. These "once-through" systems thus rely upon a good supply of river water or sea water for their cooling needs; the warmed water is returned directly to the aquatic environment. Thermal pollution of rivers, estuaries and coastal waters is an issue which needs to be addressed when considering the siting of such plants. Other impacts include "impingement" (the capture of larger organisms such as fish and shrimp on screens protecting the small bore tubes of the heat exchangers from blockage) and "entrainment" (the combined effects of temperature, pressure, biocide residual and turbulence/shear on smaller organisms entrained with the cooling water and then expelled back to the aquatic environment in the effluent). The cooling water in such heat exchange cycles is often treated with a biocide to prevent fouling in heat exchangers like condenser (Steam turbine)s and other equipment, but in some instances such control can be exercised instead through frequent cleaning, antifouling paints (both toxic-release and non-toxic), or heat treatment.

High grade industrial water (produced by reverse osmosis) and potable water is sometimes used in industrial plants requiring high-purity cooling water.

Some nuclear reactors use heavy water as cooling. Most of the time, heavy water is employed in nuclear reactors because it is a Neutron moderator for the nuclear chain reaction. For the main cooling system, normal water is preferably employed through the use of a heat exchanger as heavy water is much more expensive. Reactors that use other materials for moderation (graphite) may also use normal water for cooling.

See also

Air cooling
Oil cooling
Computer cooling
Cooling tower
Cooling tower system
Engine cooling
Heat pipe cooling
Peltier-Seebeck effect cooling
Thermosiphon
Deep lake water cooling
Heater Core

References

External links

Liquid Cooling 101
Beginners guide to PC Watercooling
A 'green' Antifouling alternative to Chlorine
Water Cooling 101
Water Cooling Guide
Basic Theory and Practice of Cooling Towers
Howstuffworks "How Liquid-cooled PCs Work"
Water Cooling 101 Site